<p>The First National Bank of White Bear is a historic former bank building in White Bear Lake, Minnesota, United States, built in 1921. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for having local significance in architecture and commerce. It is one of White Bear Lake&#39;s most architecturally sophisticated commercial buildings constructed before the 1940s. It also served a key financial role as White Bear Lake evolved from a resort town of summer homes for nearby Saint Paul into a full-fledged city with year-round residents.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The First National Bank of White Bear is a fairly small building with a 28 ft façade squeezed between adjacent commercial buildings. Its style is generally Neoclassical, but with an unusual Spanish tile eave.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Established in 1913 as the White Bear State Bank, it quickly outgrew its original frame building, and the current building was constructed on the same site in 1921. That same year it received its national bank charter and changed its name to the First National Bank of White Bear. Like most banks it was hit hard by the onset of the Great Depression, and it closed on March 6, 1933. Its surviving competitor the First State Bank of White Bear soon moved into the building and occupied it until 1961. It served as a professional office building until 1980, when a clothing store moved in. Its current tenant is an architectural firm.</p><br>
<p>The Fitzpatrick Building in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, is an 1890 Queen Anne style commercial building featuring corner turret and pressed-metal relief. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Fitzpatrick building was built and designed in 1890 by developer Thomas Fitzpatrick. Known more recently as the Viking Apartments, the building housed low income tenants until being sold in the Spring of 2019 to CCI Properties, who will undertake full restoration of the building into a mixture of affordable and market-rate housing in early 2020. Other upgrades will include a sprinkler system, new electrical systems and restoration of the building&#39;s original conical turret.</p><br>
<p>The S. Edward Hall House in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, was the home of S. Edward Hall , an African American businessman and founder of the Saint Paul chapter of the NAACP. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places from 1991 to 2016.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register for its association with its owner, Stephen Edward Hall, who moved from Springfield, Illinois to St. Paul in 1900 to join his brother, Orrie C. Hall, as a barber. By 1906, S. Edward Hall had married and bought the house, and the two brothers established a barber shop in the Germania Bank Building (then known as the Pittsburgh Building). African Americans found good employment as barbers, because it was one of the few occupations where Blacks had been able to enter and dominate. During that time, one-fourth of barbers in St. Paul were Black men, and it ranked as the third-largest occupation for Blacks behind porters and waiters. In addition, Black barbers who catered to a White clientele could make economic gains, job connections, and influence for fellow Blacks.</p><br>
<p>S. Edward Hall put these connections to work to aid fellow African Americans. When other African Americans were looking for work, Hall would inquire with his patrons about job openings. A weekly bulletin entitled The Helper referenced his shop, and this scheme became somewhat of a system, where other "tipsters" would inform "helpers" of job vacancies. The local African Methodist Episcopal church organized the Helper Movement and Hall served as its vice president. This employment referral system did not fully satisfy the job shortage among African Americans, though, and it wasnt effective for jobs outside the service sector. In 1923, Ed Hall became one of the founding members of the St. Paul branch of the National Urban League, which promised more support for job seekers and would be assisted by donations from the Community Chest. Hall remained active with the organization for many years, and at the time of his death in 1975, he was an honorary board member and President Emeritus. Hall also continued to provide employment connections through his barber shop, such as assisting with the Ford Twin Cities Assembly Plants agreement to hire a fair quota of Black employees in 1925.</p><br>
<p>Although S. Edward Hall was first interested in expanding employment opportunities for African Americans, he was also interested in dealing with the need for adjustment and for social networking. In 1908, Hall joined with the Mars Lodge of the Oddfellows to organize Union Hall, which opened in 1914. Later, around 1928, the Colored branch of the YWCA on Central Avenue was closed after a series of events, and the Urban League identified the need for a community facility for educational, social welfare, and recreational activities. The Great Depression also was eroding the fragile economy for the African American population. Ed Hall arranged the transfer of the Central Avenue YMCA location to the Hallie Q. Brown Center, which became its own entity separate from the Urban League in 1930. By 1934, one-third of the residents of Ramsey County, Minnesota were on relief, and in the neighborhood around the center, at Kent Street and Aurora Avenue, nine out of ten people were on relief. Jobs for African Americans were sparse because railroads and packing plants had been laying off many employees. The Hallie Q. Brown Center provided nursery services for children whose mothers were seeking service jobs. S. Edward Hall was a lifelong member of the Center and was a President Emeritus at his death.</p><br>
<p>The house was demolished by the City of Saint Paul in June 2011; an error at the Minnesota Historical Preservation Office failed to identify the house as a listed property on the National Register of Historic Places before its demolition. The property was de-listed in May 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Hamm Building is a limestone, terra cotta, and brick commercial building located at 408 St. Peter Street in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota. Its architecture is considered to be an "excellent example" of the Commercial Style. Built from 19151920, upon completion it housed the first movie palace in Saint Paul as well as the headquarters for Hamm&#39;s Brewery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of the Hamm Building, the third Catholic cathedral of Saint Paul stood on the location until it was demolished in 1914. The Mannheimer brothers began construction of a new department store designed by Toltz, King & Day shortly thereafter in 1915, but after the erection of the steel framework construction was delayed due to the outbreak of World War I.</p><br>
<p>With the Archdiocese of Saint Paul having only leased the property to the Mannheimers, Archbishop John Ireland called St. Paul Saints owner John Norton asking for assistance in completing construction. Norton initially tried and failed to convince John J. Raskob to have E. I. du Pont take over the project. Norton went on to ask the Hamm family if they would consider it. Norton marketed the idea as a "monument to William Hamm." The six-story building became an office for Hamm&#39;s Brewery.</p><br>
<p>The building underwent a renovation in the 1990s. Since 1997, it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed in the Commercial Style. The building is rectangular up to the fourth floor, with the top two floors being in a "u" shape. The building exterior features a terra cotta façade manufactured in Chicago, with a custom "pulsichrome" finish. The façade of the first floor consists of windows, prism glass transoms, and signage panels. The second floor façade consists of windows separated by columns holding up low relief garlands, above which since a cornice. The cornice serves as a base for the remaining four floors. The top four floors of the façade are decorated by cherubs and floral urns. Small gargoyles sit atop parapets at the top of the building. Terra cotta finials at one point topped the roof cornice, but were removed.</p><br>
<p>The lobby has a decorative terrazzo floor, glazed terra cotta walls with various classical motifs, and iron chandeliers. Although once thought to have vaults overlaid with gold leaf, later analysis determined the material to be bronze powder. A decorative clock is built into the terra cotta above the elevators. The theater was remodeled in 1965–66, diminishing seating capacity from 2,200 to 800.</p><br>
<p>The Threefoot Building  is a historic office building located in downtown Meridian, Mississippi named after the Threefoot family who owned and operated a business in downtown Meridian during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Designed by Claude H. Lindsley and completed in 1929 in the Art Deco style, the 16-story building is still the tallest in the city. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1979, under the Meridian Multiple Property Submission of buildings contributing to the historic nature of the city&#39;s downtown. In 2008 the Threefoot was recognized by the state as a Mississippi Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Despite the completion of the building preceding the onset of the Great Depression, leading to the bankruptcy of the Threefoot family, the building was occupied by many different tenants until the 1990s, by which time suburban development had drawn off most of them in favor of peripheral locations. Hoping to attract new tenants to the building and the rest of downtown, in 2002 the city started the annual Threefoot Arts Festival, naming it after the building. After attracting some interest in the mid 2000s, the citys plans for redevelopment foundered with changes in city administration in 2009, resulting in the National Trust for Historic Preservation listing the building in 2010 in its annual group of "Americas Most Endangered Places." In 2015 after extensive efforts by a newer administration, an agreement was reached in which the building was sold to a private developer. As of 2024, it is the Threefoot Hotel, operated by Marriott as part of its Tribute Portfolio hotels.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 16-story brick structure was developed by and named for the Threefoot family, German-Jewish immigrants who arrived in the mid-19th century and anglicized their name from Dreyfuss ("three foot" in German) to join their new American home. Abraham Threefoot began to make a name for the family in the late 1860s. The grocery was taken over by Abraham&#39;s sons–H. Marshall, Kutcher, and Lewis, collectively known as the "Threefoot Brothers"–after his death.</p><br>
<p>By 1910, sales at Threefoot and Sons exceeded $100,000 per year. It was the tallest building in the city and admired as a symbol of the citys growth. The office building was finished in 1929, shortly before the stock market crash. A combination of shaky finances and the onset of the Great Depression caused the familys business to cease operation.</p><br>
<p>The building operated as an office building under different ownership for several decades. Demographic changes followed suburban development, stimulated by highway construction. After Meridian&#39;s first suburban mall was built in the 1970s, continued development outside the city drew off tenants and other businesses. By the 1990s, the Threefoot Building had been mostly abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Threefoot Festival</h2><br>
<p>In an effort to attract interest from a private developer to reoccupy and renovate the building, the city started to hold an annual showcase of art by local artists in 2002, naming it the "Threefoot Arts Festival" in honor of the historic building&#39;s status as an icon of downtown and indirectly the Threefoot family, who had contributed much to the city. The festival was held annually in October at Dumont Plaza, located two blocks from the building, and on 4th and 5th streets between 22nd and 23rd avenues.</p><br>
<p>Along with art exhibitions from state and regional artists, the festival also featured a variety of live music and entertainment throughout the day, as well as food and beverages sold by local companies and organizations. Retail stores and businesses throughout the city helped to promote the festival by offering special deals and discounts to members of the festival. Admission was free, so an accurate count of attendees is difficult to achieve, but annual turnout is estimated to have been several thousand people.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the festival was combined with the Arts in the Park Festival, previously held in early April at Bonita Lakes (and earlier at Highland Park), to create the Threefoot Festival.</p><br>
<p>Since 2011 the festival has been held on the first weekend of April on 7th Street between 23rd and 25th avenues and on the lawn in front of Meridian City Hall. It includes art contests for children in grade school (hosted at the Meridian Museum of Art), access for children to try out musical instruments provided by the Meridian Symphony Orchestra, performances by local bands, and stands promoting local restaurants.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation efforts</h2><br>
<h3>Historic Restoration Inc.</h3><br>
<p>In August 2006, the city purchased the building from Alabama developer Howard Robbins for $1.2 million, with the expectation that it would be renovated by a developer from Jackson, The renovation would have cost $55 million, and the city would have backed $14 million of it. After much debate, HRI reached an agreement in January 2009 with mayor John Robert Smith and the city council.</p><br>
<p>In July 2009 newly elected Mayor Cheri Barry took office and worked to undo the agreement. Stating that she saw problems in the plan, she asked Mississippi Heritage Trust Director David Preziosi if it was possible to remove the building from the National Register of Historic Places in order to make it easier to demolish. Preziosi advised Barry against having the property delisted and offered her names of people to talk to about funding options for the building. The Meridian Star reported in June 2010 that the mayors office had still not contacted the people suggested to Barry. At the same time, HRI was asking the city to help complete funding of the project by acquiring grants from the state. Barry, however, refused to ask the state, claiming that the economy was too stressed to ask for money that wasnt essential to the city&#39;s function.</p><br>
<p>After a long controversy, HRI&#39;s agreement with the city was terminated in late 2009 due to lack of support from Barry and the need for various drainage repairs. Because the city had terminated the agreement, it was required to reimburse HRI for the $1 million already put into the project. In a prepared statement, Barry claimed that the city and HRI would "look down the road for future projects and possibly even resume the Threefoot Project under different circumstances and different finances."</p><br>
<h3>Further efforts</h3><br>
<p>After the deal with HRI was terminated, the National Trust for Historic Preservation included the building on its annual list of Americas Most Endangered Historic Places in June 2010. In October 2010, the city accepted a grant from the Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH) for a study of the building. The study was to focus on what would have to be done to rehabilitate the building for use. The city also hired Watkins Development, at a cost of $10,000 per month, to focus on developing not only the Threefoot Building but the rest of downtown and all of Meridian. Watkins Development – like HRI – was involved in the renovation of Jacksons King Edward Hotel. The building assessment study was completed in mid-2012, finding that the foundation of the building was sound, but the upper floors were being subjected to daily weather because of blown out windows, crumbling bricks, and other structural problems.</p><br>
<p>Seeing the lack of developer interest, a local group of private citizens, identifying as the Threefoot Preservation Society, formed in early June 2013 to discuss a future for the building. Since 2013, the Threefoot Preservation Society has held weekly cleanups of the building, even attracting descendants of the Threefoot family to help out on occasion. The group hosted an event celebrating the 84th anniversary of the buildings opening in April 2014, where for the first time in years, the city opened the first floor of Threefoot Building to the public. Dr. Henry Threefoot and his family, descendants of the original Threefoot family, were invited to join in the festivities. Another celebration was held in April 2015 for the 85th anniversary, and mayor Percy Bland was in attendance to show support for the societys endeavors.</p><br>
<h3>Ascent Hospitality Management</h3><br>
<p>In September 2015 a deal was approved by the Meridian City Council which sold the building to a Buford, Georgia-based hotel management company named Ascent Hospitality Management. The building was purchased "as-is" for $10,000 cash, and Ascent agreed to begin construction within 12 months of the date of purchase on a Courtyard by Marriott hotel with 120 guest rooms. Construction is scheduled to take approximately 14 to 18 months, with the company committing to spending at least $14 million on the project. John Tampa, head of Ascent Hospitality Management, has set a goal for the opening of the renovated building to coincide with the opening of the Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Center at the site of the old Hotel Meridian in November 2017. Although intensive preservation, reconstruction, and refurbishment efforts as well as projected opening dates have been delayed over the last few years, John Campo, the chief architect of its reconstruction, who has stated "Meridian is a target-rich environment for adaptive reuse of historic buildings", has also stated as recently as June 2020 that the building could be re-opened as early as November 2020.</p><br>
<p>Blees Military Academy, also known as Still-HiIdreth Osteopathic Sanatorium, was an historic military academy located in Macon, Missouri. The academy operated between 1899 and 1915. The old Academic Hall and Gymnasium of Blees Academy were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Blees Military Academy was founded in September 1899 by Colonel Frederick W. V. Blees. Blees was a Prussian immigrant who arrived in Macon in 1889 to take over as headmaster of St. James Academy, an Episcopalian military school for boys. In 1896, Blees inherited his fathers coal and iron mining interests in Germany, and he used his newfound wealth to benefit the City of Macon, including building commercial buildings, the towns first theater and sewage system; a local horseless carriage factory, the First National Bank of Macon, and financing the paving of the town&#39;s streets.</p><br>
<p>In 1898–1899, Blees took on the project that he hoped would be his legacy - the construction of the Blees Military Academy. Architecturally, Academic Hall and the Gymnasium are a unique expression of the Romanesque Revival style in their rural locale. As originally constructed, the Academy was provided with 400 acre surrounding on which were located orchards, a working farm, extensive gardens and a dairy, the pastoral nature of the surrounding environment survives and acts to enhance, through contrast, the monumental Romanesque Revival architecture of Academic Hall and the Gymnasium. Blees cadets rode Rex McDonald and George Washington, two of the nation&#39;s best saddle horses. They played polo and had the most luxurious accommodations of the time.</p><br>
<p>Blees spared no expense with this Academy. Academic Hall and the Gymnasium were both constructed in a variant of the Romanesque Revival style. Decorative features of these buildings include crenellated gables and parapets, distinctive corbel tables and bartizans supported by corbeled culs-de-lampe.</p><br>
<p>Academic Hall was constructed of structural concrete and steel beams supported on iron columns and faced with buff brick and limestone over a concrete foundation. Academic Hall is capped with a hipped roof of red asbestos shingles and a large, gabled skylight because the building was designed to be fireproof, all interior features, window casings, doors and moldings, except for some wooden and cork floors which rest directly on concrete, were clad in molded copper. All walls and ceilings were finished with plaster. The interior of Academic Hall reveals three floors and a basement. High coffered ceilings in the large open areas of the first floor were supported by Tuscan style iron columns and pilasters. A grand, wrought and cast iron staircase led to the second floor sun parlor. Galleried apartments at the second and third floor levels surrounded this grand open space, recessed behind a two-story Tuscan order colonnade. The large skylight above was suspended from 42-foot-span riveted Howe type steel trusses supported by steel columns 14 ft above the top of the I beams just above the main ceiling. This trusswork also supports the gabled skylight above visible on the building&#39;s exterior. Academic Hall originally included 110 individual sleeping rooms of a small size (approximately 8’ X 12’), 12 suites of faculty apartments, 3 large laboratories, a photographic darkroom, a study hall, a hospital, a carpentry shop, a drafting room, a large dining room and a huge kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The Gymnasium was of frame construction faced with buff brick and limestone over a concrete foundation, and featured a hipped roof faced with red tiles. The plan of the Gymnasium originally included an indoor running track, a shooting gallery, the gymnasium proper, and a swimming pool, as well as showers and other accessory rooms. The roofing was supported by modified Warren roof trusses of iron and timber spanning over 61 ft long. On the south side, a reinforced concrete tunnel ran from the Gymnasium to the basement of Academic Hall.</p><br>
<p>However, Frederick Blees was found dead in 1906, in St. Louis. Many suspected suicide, due to possible financial problems. The Academy listed Graduates in the Macon paper up through the spring of 1913, but Mary Staples Blees Leibig (Blees&#39; remarried widow) was suing someone for taking control of the Academy. In 1915 Dr. Arthur G. Hildreth and Charles E. and Harry M. Still, sons of Andrew Taylor Still, the founder of the profession of osteopathic medicine, established a sanatorium devoted to the treatment and care of all types of nervous and mental disorders. The sanatorium remained in operation until 1968. Today, the old Academic Hall and Gymnasium of Blees Academy are on the National Register of Historic Places and serve as low income housing for the citizens of Macon.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>James P. Kem, United States Senator from Missouri, 1947–1953.</p><br>
<p>Barney Pelty, Major League Baseball pitcher, 1903–1912.</p><br>
<p>Wendell Stephens, served in the Colorado state legislature, 1908–1913.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Rudolph M. Anderson, noted zoologist.</p><br>
<p>Legend Rock Petroglyph Site is located in Hot Springs County, Wyoming, 20 miles northwest of Hot Springs State Park . Legend Rock is a petroglyph site which features hundreds of individual petroglyphs spread across the face of the rock. Although a handful of the rock&#39;s etchings have variously been eroded and defaced, a wide majority have been preserved for public viewing. The nearly 300 individual petroglyphs feature some of the oldest and best examples of Dinwoody rock art in the world. The origins of the petroglyphs are still subject to debate. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1973 and it is preserved by the state of Wyoming as a state historic site.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew R. McGill House is a historic house in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is the Queen Anne style home of Governor Andrew Ryan McGill (served 1887–1889); designed in 1888 by W. A. Hunt. Andrew R. McGill, the son of Angeline (née Martin) and Charles McGill, was born in Saegertown, Pennsylvania, on February 19, 1840. Andrew R. McGill served as a Nicollet County and St. Paul lawyer (1861–1869); private secretary to Governor Horace Austin (1870–1874); Minnesota insurance commissioner (1873–1887); governor (1887–1889); state senator (1899–1905); and St. Paul postmaster (1900–1905).</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Minnesota Boat Club Boathouse on Raspberry Island is a historic structure in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It is the home of the Minnesota Boat Club, a rowing club founded in 1870, that is Minnesota&#39;s oldest athletic organization. In 1885, a wooden structure was built on Raspberry Island to house the Minnesota Boat Club. The club constructed a new boathouse in 1910, which was designed by George H. Carsley in the style of Mission Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Adolf Muench House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. The 1884 house designed by Emil W. Ulrici overlooks Saint Paul from the bluffs east of downtown.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Germans were one of the earliest immigrant groups that came to Saint Paul. As many of them became prosperous, they moved into Dayton&#39;s Bluff and built substantial homes for their families. Several, including the home of Adolph and Anna Muench, were set at the edge of the bluff to take advantage of the descending landscape that allowed for a view of Phalen Creek and the Mississippi River. The Muenches began residing at this address in 1873, in an earlier house that burned down in 1884. The current structure, was built the same year at a cost of $10,000 and had the nickname of, "the Manor".</p><br>
<p>Local architect Emi Ulrici designed the new house that was completed at 653 East Fifth Street. Ulrici, a German-American, who built almost exclusively for his prosperous fellow immigrants that were scattered throughout Saint Paul in the 1880s. This Queen Anne style with asymmetrical towers gables and balconies with a traditional tower is considered the finest of his surviving residential commissions.</p><br>
<p>Adolph was a prominent member of the German American community. He was in the lumber business until becoming publisher of the Volkszeitung, a German-language daily newspaper. Anna died in 1896 and, when Adolph died in 1901, the house was offered for sale. After staying empty for two years, it was converted into duplex and was rental property for several decades.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and was owner occupied until 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Rau/Strong House is a historic house and accompanying carriage barn in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It is located in Saint Pauls West Side neighborhood. It was built 1884–86, with an eclectic Italianate/Second Empire/Eastlake movement design featuring a mansard roof and hammered quoin blocks. The Rau/Strong House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 for its architectural significance as a finely crafted "urban estate" representative of Saint Pauls late-19th-century middle class residences.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Academy was a Catholic school for girls in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States, from 1851 to 1971. Its origins trace to 1851, when the Sisters of St. Joseph opened a school for girls in a log cabin in the frontier settlement. In 1863 the school relocated to a new building, which was expanded over the following decades into a complex that still stands today as the oldest extant Catholic school building in the state of Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The school complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 for its local significance in the themes of architecture, education, and religion. It was nominated for being the states oldest known Catholic school, a longstanding local landmark, and a symbol of a religious groups early educational efforts on the American frontier.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fifteen years after the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet arrived in Missouri from Lyon, France, four of the Sisters came to Minnesota Territory. Joseph Crétin, the first Roman Catholic Bishop of St. Paul, had asked them for help with the work facing the growing community. The four Sisters of St. Joseph arrived by steamboat and settled on the banks of the Mississippi River in November 1851. Within a week they opened their first school in the vestry of a log chapel, the forerunner of the Cathedral of St. Paul.</p><br>
<p>When the need for more space became apparent, the Sisters acquired land on what was then the outskirts of the city, in an area known as St. Anthony Hill (now Cathedral Hill). In 1863 the first building that became St. Joseph&#39;s Academy was built on the corner of Marshall and Western Avenues. This three-and-a-half-story limestone building is one of the oldest in St. Paul.</p><br>
<p>Growth spurred the construction of more buildings on the property to house new programs and more classrooms. From 1863, St. Josephs Academy had been a boarding school, too distant for daily commutes. This ended in 1905, when the city had grown and more streetcar lines became available in St. Paul. By 1926, St. Josephs Academy had become one of the early St. Paul high schools.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the Academy&#39;s curriculum featured a well-equipped science laboratory. As the catalog stated, there was also a "collection of specimens for botanical and geological study". The commercial department expanded so that students could choose between working after high school and taking college preparation courses.</p><br>
<p>During this period of growth from 1882–1930, St. Josephs was also home to Ellen Ireland, a high achiever and one of the high schools first graduates. Ireland entered the St. Josephs convent and became Mother Seraphine, leader of the sisters in the St. Paul Province. Except for temporary assignments at other convents, St. Josephs Academy was her lifelong home. She joined her brother, Archbishop John Ireland, in helping to expand the academy. Together they prepared the way for the founding of the College of St. Catherine (now St. Catherine University) in 1905.</p><br>
<p>In 1901 graduates of St. Josephs Academy formed an alumnae association and began their newsletter, Chapter Chats. Although the newsletter lapsed for a number of years, the tradition was reinstated in 1931. In the early 21st century the St. Josephs Academy Alumnae Association continues to send Chapter Chats to thousands of members.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Academy was home to many accomplished teachers over the years. Several of the Sisters also contributed their talents to the wider community. Among them was Sister Mary Aloysius Sherin, a celebrated math and science teacher from 1935 to 1955. In 1938 Sister Ann Thomasine Sampson became director of the St. Josephs Academy Glee Club. The group was in demand for many community-wide events in St. Paul. After retirement, Sister Ann Thomasine conducted oral histories of a number of Sisters. The histories are still available in the archives of the Sisters of St. Joseph.</p><br>
<p>Sister Irmina Kelehan, an English teacher at St. Josephs, responded in 1956 to a request from the Japanese government to open a school in Tsu, Japan. She joined several other Sisters of St. Joseph from around the United States and opened a school for girls. They named it St. Josephs Academy.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, enrollment declined while the costs of maintaining older buildings kept rising. The Sisters decided it was time to close St. Josephs Academy and turn to other ministries. The property and buildings were sold to Christs Household of Faith.</p><br>
<h2>Alumnae</h2><br>
<p>Mary MacGregor, singer, Class of 1966.</p><br>
<p>The Historic Triune Masonic Temple is a meetinghouse of Freemasonry in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, built in 1910 in the Neo-Classical Revival style, designed by Henry C. Struchen . The structure was built for Triune Lodge No. 190, AF & AM. It is one of the earliest and best preserved buildings erected exclusively for the use of a single Masonic Lodge. Henry Struchen, although not an architect, was a contractor and designer. He was a member of Triune Lodge and a prominent builder in the city.</p><br>
<p>Opening ceremonies for the building were held Thursday, March 2, 1911. Triune Masonic Temple was recognized for its historic and architectural significance by being placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Stylistically the temple is a good example of the Neo-Classical Revival of the opening decades of the twentieth century. The exterior is virtually unchanged while the interior retains its classic integrity and remains substantially intact. The front facade features four Doric columns, pedimented windows and a decorative cornice, while the lodge room itself is adorned with stately pillars representing the five classical orders of architecture. The front of the building gives a hint of the grandeur inside. The interior cherry and maple woodwork and many of the original furnishings remain. The building is notable because it incorporates elements of Masonic ritual into its architectural design.</p><br>
<p>The Historic Triune Masonic Temple is the last remaining historic Masonic temple within the cities of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. The Temple is the home of Saint Paul Lodge Number Three A. F. & A. M. of Minnesota. Located in the Merriam Park neighborhood in Saint Paul MN, The Historic Triune Masonic Temple is a community fixture available for both private and public functions.</p><br>
<p>The Cross Mountain Mine disaster was a coal mine explosion that occurred on December 9, 1911, near the community of Briceville, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. In spite of a well-organized rescue effort led by the newly created Bureau of Mines, 84 miners died in the disaster. The cause of the explosion was the ignition of dust and methane gas released by a roof fall. Miners would use open oil lamps to provide a light source down in the mines.</p><br>
<p>At least 22 of those killed were buried in a circular memorial known as the Cross Mountain Miners&#39; Circle, which is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical setting</h2><br>
<p>Cross Mountain is a massive ridge situated along the eastern Cumberland Plateau just west of the plateau&#39;s Walden Ridge escarpment, in the coal-rich Cumberland Mountains. Rising to an elevation of 3,534 ft, the mountain is the highest point in Tennessee west of the Blue Ridge Province. It is located along the border between Anderson County and Campbell County.</p><br>
<p>Coal Creek, a tributary of the Clinch River, flows northward along the southeastern base of Cross Mountain, slicing a narrow valley in which the communities of Briceville and Fraterville are located. The town of Rocky Top, formerly Lake City and before that Coal Creek, is located near the creek&#39;s confluence with the Clinch, at the base of the Cumberland Plateau.</p><br>
<p>Slatestone Creek, which flows westward down the slopes of Cross Mountain, empties into Coal Creek at Briceville. Slatestone Creek drains a narrow valley known as Slatestone Hollow, which runs perpendicular to the Coal Creek Valley. The Cross Mountain Mine was located at the western end of Slatestone Hollow, just over 1 mi west of Briceville.</p><br>
<h2>Explosion and recovery efforts</h2><br>
<p>Major mining operations began at the Cross Mountain Mine in 1888, when a railroad spur line was extended up the Coal Creek Valley and into Slatestone Hollow. Over the years, large amounts of volatile coal dust had accumulated in the mines shafts. On the morning of December 9, 1911, a roof fall occurred near one of the mines entrances, which released methane gas into the air. The methane gas and coal dust ignited when a miner approached the roof fall with an open oil lamp. The explosion killed or trapped the 89 miners who had gone into the mine that morning. The miners&#39; ages ranged from 16 to 61. The casualties included concussions due to the explosion and suffocation from the afterdamp.</p><br>
<p>A crowd of miners families and curious onlookers quickly gathered at the Cross Mountain Mine as miners and engineers initiated a rescue operation. The mines ventilation fan was damaged in the explosion, so a ventilation fan from the neighboring Thistle Mine was redirected and used to expel the afterdamp and force air into the mine shafts. To produce more ventilation, burning cotton was thrown down into the air shafts. A rescue crew from the Bureau of Mines&mdash;which was created in 1910&mdash;arrived at around noon equipped with gas masks and oxygen tanks. This team was the first mine rescue team to use caged canaries to detect dangerous changes in air quality. Water was piped into the mine from a nearby brook, allowing the Bureau crews to extinguish fires and erect brattices.</p><br>
<p>Around midnight, the first three bodies were brought out of the mine. Two bodies were recovered the following day. On Monday, rescue workers followed miners inscriptions to an area where five miners had barricaded themselves. These miners names were Milton Henderson, William Henderson, Theodore Irish, Aurthur Scott, and Irving Smith. They were found between the 16 and 17 Left entries of the mine, an area they had chosen because it contained water tubs normally used for mules to drink. Two of the miners were burned, and two had left the barricaded area to find a way out, although all five were found alive. On December 19, the last two miners&mdash;Alonzo Wood and Eugene Ault&mdash;were found dead behind another barricade. Before suffocating, Ault and Wood managed to inscribe "farewell" messages to their families on the barricade wall. Ault&#39;s message is inscribed on his headstone at Briceville Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>The Cross Mountain Mine operation was one of the first major rescue efforts carried out by the Bureau of Mines. Although only 5 of the 89 miners trapped by the explosion were rescued, the Bureau collected invaluable information that aided later mine rescue efforts. The rescue effort also helped the bureau&#39;s public image, and ensured continued funding in the future. Mine safety has also become a mandate of the Mine Safety and Health Administration.</p><br>
<p>The 84 miners killed as a result of the explosion were buried in several cemeteries in the Briceville-Fraterville area. At least 22 were buried in a circular memorial which became known as the Cross Mountain Miners Circle. This is located at the south end of Briceville on the steep western slope of Walden Ridge. Shortly after the disaster, the United Mine Workers of America placed a marble obelisk in the middle of the Cross Mountain Miners Circle containing the names of all 84 miners killed in the disaster. This memorial, around which a large cemetery has developed, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Others were buried at the Briceville Community Church cemetery, among them Eugene Ault, whose monument is inscribed with the "farewell message" he wrote on the wall of the mine as he lay dying.</p><br>
<p>Carolina is a village that straddles the border of the towns of Charlestown and Richmond on the Pawcatuck River in Washington County, Rhode Island. Rhode Island Route 112 passes through the village. Carolina is identified as a census-designated place, with a population of 970 at the 2010 census.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The Carolina Village Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It includes examples of Greek Revival, Italianate, and Queen Anne style. It comprises 71 properties over an area of 115 acre, including a former mill complex and nearby residences. It encompasses properties along Carolina Main Street and Carolina Back Road and their vicinity between Pine Hill Road and Alton-Carolina Road (Route 91), including houses along Butter Lane, Tall Pines Drive, Schoolhouse Lane, Carolina Mill Lane, and Downs Court.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1802, the first wooden dam and a gristmill were built on the river at the site of the village, which was then known as Nichols Bridge. A few years later, a cotton mill was established, with production buildings mostly located in Richmond and some employee housing located across the river in Charlestown. Rowland G. Hazard bought the mill in 1843 and renamed it the Carolina Mills Company in honor of his wife Caroline Newbold Hazard of South Kingstown. The village around the mill was also given the same name. The Rhode Island Historic Preservation Commission described 19th-century Carolina as a "center for the surrounding area, including a school, a church, a post office, a bank, several stores, a blacksmith shop, and halls for meetings, lectures, and entertainments." The local post office was named "Carolina Mills" from 1850 until 1879, when it was renamed "Carolina."</p><br>
<p>In 1862, the complex switched from cotton textile production to production of woolens. The Hazard family operated the mill complex until 1863, when they leased it to T.R. Hyde & Co., which was a partnership between Thomas R. Hyde and Rowland Hazard II that operated the mill until 1868. The mill was sold to new owners in 1869, but Rowland Hazard II operated it as a lessee until at least 1877. The mill complex operated until 1930 or 1935.</p><br>
<p>The mill complex deteriorated after its closure, and Carolina became a residential community. However, other components of the village remained intact and it was listed on the National Register in 1974. The portion of Carolina village which is located in the town of Richmond includes a corridor of about two dozen 1-story and 1½-story cottages and other domestic buildings built between about 1840 and 1870. Other buildings of historic interest include the remains of the mill; the Carolina School, built in 1845; the Carolina Free Will Baptist Church, built in 1845 and relocated in 1865; the octagonal Albert Potter House, built in 1867; and a 2½-story Queen Anne style house built by Ellison Tinkham, who was one of the owners of the mills from 1868 until 1907.</p><br>
<p>Carolina was also the site of one of the first trout farms in America. John W. Hoxie established the Clearwater Trout Farm in 1877 on White Brook on land leased from Rowland G. Hazard, north of the village center. Two years later, Hoxie&#39;s brother Charles established his own White Brook Trout Hatchery on an adjacent plot of land along the brook. By 1892, the White Brook Trout Hatchery was incorporated as the American Fish Culture Company with Rowland Hazard II as a minority shareholder. The Hazard family gained controlling interest in the corporation in 1899. Upon the death of John W. Hoxie in 1903, the R. Hazard Estate acquired full interest in Clearwater Trout Farm, and both farms were eventually merged and operated as American Fish Culture Company by the Hazard Family until its sale to the State of Rhode Island in 1995. By the early 1920s, American Fish Culture Company was considered to be the largest fish farm in America.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>According to the United States Census Bureau, the Carolina CDP has a total area of 2.48 square miles (6.43 km), of which 2.46 square miles (6.37 km) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km) (0.85%) is water. Carolina has its own zip code, 02812, but only the Richmond side is serviced by the Carolina post office despite the post office building being located in Charlestown.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<h3>2020 census</h3><br>
<p>The 2020 United States census counted 924 people, 382 households, and 245 families in Carolina. The population density was 375.5 per square mile (145.0/km). There were 397 housing units at an average density of 161.3 per square mile (62.3/km). The racial makeup was 90.26% (834) white or European American (89.61% non-Hispanic white), 0.87% (8) black or African-American, 0.22% (2) Native American or Alaska Native, 1.3% (12) Asian, 0.0% (0) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian, 0.32% (3) from other races, and 7.03% (65) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 2.16% (20) of the population.</p><br>
<p>Of the 382 households, 31.4% had children under the age of 18; 47.4% were married couples living together; 23.8% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 26.4% of households consisted of individuals and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.7 and the average family size was 3.2. The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 19.6% of the population.</p><br>
<p>19.3% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 16.1% from 25 to 44, 33.0% from 45 to 64, and 23.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48.4 years. For every 100 females, the population had 76.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 75.1 males.</p><br>
<p>The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $89,375 (with a margin of error of +/- $41,791) and the median family income was $113,456 (+/- $35,725). Males had a median income of $56,490 (+/- $8,621) versus $38,050 (+/- $35,159) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $53,582 (+/- $7,053). Approximately, 0.0% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those ages 65 or over.</p><br>
<p>Oakland is a village in Burrillville, Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. It was developed in the 19th century at the site of a stone mill  near the confluence of the Chepachet and Clear Rivers. It is one of the few remaining stone mills in this state. Most of the village is included in the Oakland Historic District, a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Most of the housing in the village was originally built to house mill workers, although there are several more elaborate houses built for mill executives.</p><br>
<p>Students living in Oakland attend Burrillville Middle and High School. Oakland is a small, yet beautiful community hidden in the top left corner of Rhode Island. Oakland offers many woodland areas and rivers. The small town relies on volunteer firefighters. Each day a town whistle sounds from the Oakland-Mapleville Fire Department at five-o&#39;clock pm, as well as each time fire personnel is in need. Many historic mills are scattered throughout the town, as well as mill-style neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>Alkali Ridge, also known as Alkali Point, is a set of widely scattered archaeological remains of the earliest forms of Puebloan architecture, representing a period of transition from scattered, pit-style dwellings to a settled agricultural lifestyle.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>These multi-story buildings and kivas have yielded high-quality ceramics, and form the type location for the Pueblo II period (c. 900 CE – c. 1100 CE). The landmarked areas are noted for the density of archaeological materials, with an average density of 200 sites per square mile across the 2,340 acre area. These resources provide an important view of the transitions of early inhabitants from pit houses to pueblos, because there are examples of all of the major forms between them. Its most important sites were first excavated in the 1930s. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Cacao residue was detected in Site 13 ceramics after testing by University of Pennsylvania and Bristol-Meyers Squibb researchers.</p><br>
<p>"At Alkali Ridge there are faint marks of an ancient road, likely a trade route that connected this settlement to trading and cultural partners beyond."</p><br>
<h2>Bears Ears</h2><br>
<p>The Bears Ears Inter-Tribal Coalition (BEITC), which was formed in 2015 with representatives from the Hopi, Navajo, Ute Mountain Ute, Pueblo of Zuni, and Ute Indian Tribes submitted a report that led to the creation of Bears Ears National Monument which included Alkali Ridge as one of six "cultural special management areas" along with the Hole-in-the-Rock Historical Trail and the Grand Gulch, Big Westwater Ruin, Dance Hall Rock, Sand Island Petroglyph Panel, the Newspaper Rock Petroglyph Panel, and the Butler Wash Archaeological District National Register site.</p><br>
<p>Danger Cave is a North American archaeological site located in the Bonneville Basin of western Utah around the Great Salt Lakes region, that features artifacts of the Desert Culture from c. 9000 BC until c. 500 AD. Through carbon-14 dating, it has been determined that there is very little evidence of human life in the Danger Cave area c. 11,000 BP, but there is much evidence of human life by 9000 BP.</p><br>
<p>Danger cave was first investigated in the 1930s by Elmer Smith, and excavated in the 1950s under the supervision of Jesse D. Jennings, professor at the University of Utah. Jennings work at the site was considered ground-breaking due to his exacting standards in excavation and data analysis. Though Jennings findings eventually gained widespread acceptance, his publications garnered both criticism and support at first. Relating the archaeological evidence from Danger Cave to an ethnographic model, Jennings framed a view of the little-known Great Basin Desert culture which was unknown at the time.</p><br>
<p>The extremely dry cave had created an ideal storage condition that preserved a variety of artifacts from beetle wings to textiles and human paleofeces. They also found leather scraps, pieces of string, nets of twine, coarse fabric, basket fragments, and bone and wood tools such as knives, weapons, and millstones. In total, excavations have produced over 2,500 chipped-stone artifacts and over 1,000 grinding stones. The excavation also yielded identifiable fragments of 68 plant species that still grow today within ten miles of the cave as well as the bones of many species of animals.</p><br>
<p>The data collected from the cave suggested that the Desert Culture had a sparse population, with small social units numbering no more than 25 to 30 people. The focus on survival prevented the inhabitants from building permanent structures, developing complicated rituals, or amassing extensive personal property. The Desert Culture persisted for thousands of years despite the hardships they faced, and eventually became the basis for other early Utah cultures such as the Fremont.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The site was looted and many ancient artifacts stolen on 11 May 2019.</p><br>
<p>Scott County Jail Complex located in Georgetown, Kentucky served as the Scott County jail from 1892 until 1990. Currently, the building houses the Scott County Arts & Cultural Center.</p><br>
<p>The building is designated a Kentucky Landmark. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Jailer&#39;s Dwelling, built in 1892, is a brick Italianate-style two-story three-bay building on stone foundation. It is 44x21 ft in plan, not including an ell which extends an additional 18 ft to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The Milwaukee Avenue Historic District is a historic district in the Seward neighborhood of Minneapolis. The district comprises two city blocks of small homes on quarter-sized lots. These houses were built between 1884 and 1890 by William Ragan, a Minneapolis real estate speculator. Built for lower-income residents, the houses had deteriorated in condition by the end of World War II, and by the 1970s, were planned for demolition. A group of residents and concerned citizens fought to save the houses, eventually leading to their inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places and the federal protection and rehabilitation that comes with the designation. Today, the houses sit along a bike- and pedestrian-friendly mall on which motor traffic is prohibited.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>During the late 19th century, the population of Minneapolis was growing rapidly, increasing 351 percent from 1880 to 1890. With the number of people moving into the city, lower-cost housing was needed for immigrants who were new to Minnesota. The street had originally been platted as an alley between 22nd and 23rd Avenues South, but William Ragan developed it as a street and labeled it 22½ Avenue. The houses were situated close together on narrow lots, with very narrow side yards and no front yards. This almost gives the impression of rowhouses. Most of the houses were built with brick veneer on timber frames, and they have uniform-sized roof slopes, modified flat arch windows, and open front porches.</p><br>
<p>The street kept its ½ until 1906, when petitioners asked the Minneapolis City Council to change the streets name to Woodland Avenue because they said the ½ made them feel like they lived in an alley. For an unknown reason, the streets name was not changed to Woodland Avenue, but to Milwaukee Avenue. The Avenue&#39;s proximity to the Milwaukee Short Line Railroad has been suggested as a cause.</p><br>
<h2>Deterioration and restoration</h2><br>
<p>By the time World War II was over, the houses on Milwaukee Avenue were falling into disrepair. They had been neglected throughout the Great Depression and wartime.</p><br>
<p>In many other neighborhoods, the city had renewed and thus gentrified areas without public hearings, because residents of those neighborhoods were low-income renters. In Milwaukee Avenue&#39;s case, however, the residents were of medium income, and seasoned protesters, since many had protested the Vietnam War. By 1970, the City of Minneapolis planned to raze the Milwaukee Avenue houses using funds from the Housing and Urban Development (HUD) program.</p><br>
<p>The residents of Milwaukee Avenue and the surrounding Seward neighborhood formed the Seward West Project Area Committee (PAC) in order to try to save the Milwaukee Avenue homes. They argued that the houses had significant historic value and needed to be preserved. The City argued that the houses were legally nonconforming, and rehabilitating them would cost more than just building new houses.</p><br>
<p>The City furthered its plan of renewing the area and took no heed of the PAC. In response, the PAC secretly submitted an application to the National Register of Historic Places for the Milwaukee Avenue district. It was approved on May 2, 1974, by Secretary of the Interior Rogers CB Morton. This meant that the city could not alter or destroy the houses using federal funds without a public hearing.</p><br>
<p>Nine of Milwaukee Avenue&#39;s houses had to be destroyed due to their decrepit conditions and a tenth was moved elsewhere. In the spaces where these houses once stood, townhomes were built, mirroring the style of the original houses. The rest of the houses got new indoor plumbing, new basements, improved woodwork and porches added on. Additionally, a pedestrian mall was built down the center of Milwaukee Avenue to replace a one-way street. The Avenue is now bike and pedestrian friendly, and cars are prohibited.</p><br>
<h2>Milwaukee Avenue today</h2><br>
<p>Milwaukee Avenue still stands today. In 2007, to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Milwaukee Avenue&#39;s rehabilitation, self-guided walking tours of eight of the houses were offered to the public.</p><br>
<p>The houses were featured on local CBS station WCCO-TV&#39;s Finding Minnesota series in 2005. The two-minute video segment about the avenue featured interviews with a resident of Milwaukee Avenue, as well as Bob Roscoe, an activist who led the fight to save Milwaukee Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Jay Cooke House , is a historic summer estate house on Gibraltar Island, an island in the Lake Erie community of Put-in-Bay, Ohio. Built in 1865, it was the summer house and a favorite place of financier Jay Cooke . Since 1925, the former Cooke estate has hosted the Stone Laboratory of Ohio State University, one of the nation&#39;s oldest freshwater field research stations. The estate, encompassing the entire 8 acre island, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Gibraltar Island is a minor island associated with South Bass Island in southwestern Lake Erie, located inside the cove known as Put-in-Bay, where the village of Put-in-Bay is located. The 8-acre island is roughly lozenge-shaped, with an elongation at its southwestern end. The Cooke Castle is located east of the geographic center of the island, and is the easternmost of the buildings on the island. It is three stories in height, built out of stone with wooden trim. Its most prominent feature is a four-story octagonal tower, topped with a Gothic Revival crenellated parapet. The single-story front porch is also topped by crenellations, with rounded-arch openings flanked by square columns. The interior features elaborate woodwork, with a fine marble fireplace in the parlor.</p><br>
<p>The island was purchased by Jay Cooke in 1865, and the house was built soon afterward. Cooke, a native of Sandusky, had played a pivotal role in financing the war effort Union side in the American Civil War, selling near one billion dollars of war bonds to large and small buyers alike. He regularly spent time here after building the house, typically spending three weeks in the spring, and again in late summer. He was forced to sell the island in 1874, having suffered bankruptcy due to the Panic of 1873, but recovered some of his fortune and repurchased the property in 1880. The island was acquired by Ohio State University in 1925, which established its freshwater research center there.</p><br>
<p>Rose Hill is an antebellum house in Louisville, Kentucky. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>It is located about three miles (5 km) from Downtown Louisville in the Douglass neighborhood of Louisville&#39;s Highlands area. It is located just off Bardstown Road.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The two-story brick house is built in the Italianate style, with a square main block topped by a cupola. A two-story rear section extends back from the main block, forming a "T". The main facade is symmetric. Its formal, symmetrical design is unusual for Louisville.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rose Hill was built in 1852 for Emory Low, a Louisville dry goods merchant born in Leominster, Massachusetts in 1808. At one time he owned an entire block of Louisville&#39;s Main Street. While Rose Hill was still under construction, Low was killed when an outhouse wall collapsed on him. The house was in flux while his estate was settled, and his widow did not live there until 1867.</p><br>
<p>The house was built on a 23 acre parcel of land Low owned, which was a part of an original military land grant to William Pope. The land around Rose Hill was subdivided in 1908 and it is amid a residential neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Rose Hill was owned by the Seelbach family in the 1940s, but fell into disrepair from the late 1950s until 1975, when it became home to a graphic design firm.</p><br>
<p>The A. S. Bradford House, also known as The Bradford House, is a historic home in Placentia, California. It was the home of Albert Sumner Bradford, who founded Placentia by arranging for establishment of a water tank along the railway. Homes and businesses within a one-mile radius could get water.</p><br>
<p>Designed by James Stafford, the Colonial Revival, 15-room house was built in 1902, in an orange grove.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, and operated as a house museum at one point.</p><br>
<p>Albert Sumner Bradford (August 18, 1860—March 30, 1933), originally from Shapleigh, Maine, bought 20 acres land in 1890 in what would become his Tesoro Ranch Placentia. He did much to support growth of the citrus industry.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Kraemer Building, in Anaheim, California, was built in 1924-1925 by Samuel Kraemer.</p><br>
<p>It was the first high-rise building in Orange County. Samuel Kraemer made a fortune from oil being discovered on his land. Kraemer invested his wealth in developing much of downtown Anaheim during the 1920s, including this six-story building for the American Savings Bank of Anaheim. The rich use of Gladding-McBean tile on the entire south and west facades arguably made it the most outstanding building in North Orange County when it was built.</p><br>
<p>Designed by local architect M. Eugene Durfee, the building was the tallest in Orange County. It remained so for over four decades.</p><br>
<p>The building once was the headquarters of El Camino Savings and Loan.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Kraemer Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It was noted to be "an excellent example of Renaissance Revival architecture", and to be one of few buildings surviving in Anaheim that featured extensive use of terra cotta glazed tiles.</p><br>
<p>The George Key Ranch Historic District, also known simply as Key Ranch, is a historic ranch and Victorian ranch house located in Placentia, Orange County, California</p><br>
<p>Two acres of the former ranch is now the George Key Ranch Historic Park operated by Orange County Parks. It includes the historic house museum, a collection of farm equipment and hand tools, a one-acre orange grove, and 3/4-acre verse garden.</p><br>
<p>The George Key Ranch Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Pinewood Depot is an historic railway station located at the junction of East Avenue and Clarke Street in the town of Pinewood, at the southern entrance of the High Hills of Santee, South Carolina. It is the only railroad station left in Sumter County, but is not longer used by CSX, the current owner of the railroad right-of-way. On June 10, 1997, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1888 the Manchester and Augusta Railroad began construction of the Pinewood Depot on its Sumter to Denmark line. By the time it was finished in 1889, the railroad had become part of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. The town, originally known as Clarendon, after the name of the county it was then in, grew up around the station. In 1902 the town officially became Pinewood and in 1920 it left Clarendon County to become part of Sumter County. Passenger service ceased in the mid-1950s and the building was unused for many years. In 1992 the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad leased the building to the town, which has since turned it over to the Sumter County Historical Society, its current owner.</p><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church is a historic church building in Utica, New York, United States. The church and its related McKinnon House were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The church was designed by Boston architect Ralph Adams Cram and built in 1922. The McKinnon House was designed by Binghamton architect C. Edward Vosbury and built in 1899.</p><br>
<p>1961 saw the joining of the Church and the Church House with the construction of a number of classrooms, Fellowship Hall, and a modernized kitchen, and the installation of a Casavant Freres organ.</p><br>
<h2>Ministries</h2><br>
<p>The church facility hosts several ministries, including:</p><br>
<p>The Seeds of Hope Food Pantry - First Presbyterian Church maintains a well-stocked food pantry, which provides nutritional food and food products to individuals and families living in the region around the church. The pantry is a partnership of New Hartford First Methodist, New Hartford Presbyterian, Our Saviour Lutheran, and Utica First Presbyterian Churches. The pantry is open on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 9:30 to 11:30 am.</p><br>
<p>The Clothes Closet - The Clothes Closet provides free, clean, serviceable clothing for those who have a need for such items. Most sizes are available for adults, children, and infants. The closet is open on Thursdays from 9:00 to 11:00 am, and is open every Wednesday morning to accept donations.</p><br>
<p>Free community Thanksgiving dinner - Prepared and served on Thanksgiving Day every year since 1978. For individuals who are homebound and unable to come to the church, arrangements can be made in advance to have a complete meal delivered. Dinner is served from 12:00 noon to 2:00 pm on Thanksgiving Day.</p><br>
<p>Universal Pre-K at First Church and First Nursery School of Utica - First Presbyterian Church assists the Nursery School by providing scholarship grants for some students. Classrooms and offices are located within the facilities of First Church. Universal Pre-K classes have an average enrollment of 80 students, attending for five half-day sessions a week. First Nursery School of Utica classes for 3-year old children are held three mornings a week.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Long before Utica was incorporated as a city in 1832, it was a small village known as Fort Schuyler. Having been carved from unbroken wilderness fifteen years before, it was there that First Presbyterian Church was organized, the oldest church in what was to become Utica. First Church was a sister to Whitesboro Presbyterian Church, being one and the same at the beginning of 1793 and known as "The United Society of Whitestown." On February 18, 1794, this society was received into the Presbytery of Albany, being then farther west than any other Presbyterian church.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Bethuel Dodd was appointed and installed as the society&#39;s first pastor on August 21, 1794. Officiating in both congregations, Dodd spent two thirds of his time in Whitestown and one third in Fort Schuyler, his support shared by both churches.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Schuyler congregation, legally incorporated as a church in 1804, assembled first in the village schoolhouse on Main Street and was later granted the use of Trinity Episcopal Church on Broad Street until a worship place could be constructed. In 1807 a church was built on lower Washington Street. Used for twenty years, it was divided and moved to make way for a building of a larger structure. Dedicated in 1827, the new church was constructed of brick and included a spire 215 feet high. In 1813, the Utica congregation called the Rev. Henry Dwight as its first full time pastor. The corporation then took the name of "The First Utica Presbyterian Society", which remains the church&#39;s legal name to this day.</p><br>
<p>Following a disastrous fire in 1851, the imposing structure of Old First Church was built in the Romanesque Revival style on the northeast corner of Washington and Columbia Streets. This building served as a worship place for nearly 70 years. In 1919 it was decided to break with tradition and move "uptown" to what was then considered suburban Utica.</p><br>
<p>In May 1921, the Society purchased the MacKinnon-Borst estate, its present property, as the site for a new sanctuary. While the committee took stock of the possibilities of the MacKinnon house (currently used as the Church House, and also referred to as "Molly&#39;s House" as a venue for coffeehouses and other events), worship was held in temporary quarters on Oneida Square.</p><br>
<p>Ralph Adams Cram, architect for the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City, was chosen to design the new church. A major requirement of the plans was to reuse the walnut pews from the Washington Street church, a factor which would determine many of the dimensions of the new church. Some of the decorative woodwork in Brewer Chapel came from the old building and temporarily graced the Oneida Square storefront which was used as a transitional sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>Groundbreaking for the new building occurred in July 1922, followed by the laying of the cornerstone in December. Occupancy and dedication took place on Sunday, May 11, 1924, followed by four weeks of special events. The total cost of the building of the church was somewhat over $275,000, most of which was raised at two worship services in May 1922.</p><br>
<p>The structure now called the Church House was built in 1899 as a lavish private residence by Robert MacKinnon. It cost MacKinnon $150,000 to build and $50,000 - $75,000 to operate. A few years later, MacKinnon was forced into bankruptcy and in 1911 the home was purchased for $40,000 by Charles A. Borst and his wife Grace Olmstead Borst. After his unexpected death in 1918, Mrs. Borst was forced to sell the house for $50,000 to a group of entrepreneurs who planned to turn it into an apartment house. Before the new owners had occupied the building, the church became interested in the property and the resale price climbed overnight to $65,000.</p><br>
<p>1961 saw the joining of the Church and the Church House with the construction of a number of classrooms, Fellowship Hall, and a modernized kitchen, and the installation of a Casavant Freres organ.</p><br>
<p>Throughout its history, First Presbyterian Church has had a strong mission emphasis. It has produced at least 17 missionaries and 24 ministers. The first Home Missionary Society was established in 1843 and in 1877 the women&#39;s Missionary Society was organized.</p><br>
<p>The Oklahoma Natural Gas Company Building is a historic building in Tulsa, Oklahoma, at 624 South Boston Ave. It was one of the first local Art Deco buildings built in the new Art Deco style, along with the Public Service of Oklahoma Building. This choice by the relatively conservative utility companies made the style acceptable in the city, with many Art Deco buildings built subsequently in Tulsa. The building was designed by Frank V. Kirshner and Arthur M. Atkinson. It was built of reinforced concrete, and clad in buff brick, except for the lower two stories, which are clad in limestone. The verticalness of the building is emphasized by piers rising the entire height of the facade with windows placed between the piers.</p><br>
<p>This building was spared from demolition in 1982, when ONEOK (the successor to ONG) abandoned its plan to replace the structure with a new high-rise headquarters building. Instead, ONEOK took over a high-rise then under construction by Citgo at Fifth Street and Boulder Avenue. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 10, 1984, for architectural significance and as a representative of the tremendous growth Tulsa experienced during the 1920s. It is included in the Oil Capital Historic District as a contributing structure.</p><br>
<p>The Lyford House is a Victorian house located in Tiburon, California. Built in 1876, the house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory</h2><br>
<p>The earliest human habitation of the local area was by hunter-gatherer Native American peoples. The clearest extant record of such habitation in the vicinity is on the nearby Ring Mountain, where rock art and grinding stones are found on some of the large boulders.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lyford House on Richardson Bay in Tiburon, California, was the home of Benjamin Lyford (1841–1906), a doctor in the Union Army who was born in New Hampshire and raised in Cabot, Vermont. He migrated to San Francisco after the American Civil War to practice medicine. He married Hilarita née Reed (1839–1908), the daughter of John Reed, an Irish immigrant who was granted the Rancho Corte Madera del Presidio, literally "the place where wood is cut for the Presidio", which today comprises the peninsula incorporating Tiburon, Belvedere and much of southern Marin County. The Lyford House was originally located at Strawberry Point as part of Lyfords Eagle Dairy Ranch. It was moved by barge in December 1957 when threatened with demolition and is now owned by the National Audubon Society. The new homes location was on eleven acres belonging to Rose Verrall, who&#39;d lived there for decades and eventually donated the land and property that would become the Richardson Bay Audubon Center and Sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Lyford House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. In December 2002 the house was damaged when a tree crashed through the roof. It was closed for a year of restoration, reopening in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Ríos-Caledonia Adobe is a historic adobe house in San Miguel, California. Built in 1835 by Petronilo Ríos, the adobe is a California Historical Landmark. Today, the Ríos-Caledonia Adobe is open to the public as a house museum and library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Petronilo Ríos, corporal commanding the Mission San Miguel guard and later owner of Rancho Paso de Robles, supervised the building of the two-story adobe home using Native American labor on property belonging to Mission San Miguel (which is now across the street). When the mission property was sold by Governor Pio Pico after the Mexican secularization act of 1833, Ríos and William Reed purchased the mission and adobe in 1846.</p><br>
<p>The original building was made of adobe, had a roof of hand-made tiles, and used strips of rawhide to tie the pine rafters in place. The Ríos family used the home as a residence until Warran C. Rickard purchased it from the state on a possessory claim.</p><br>
<p>From 1868 until 1886, George Butchart operated the building as the Caledonia Inn, a stagecoach stop, hotel, and tavern on El Camino Real. The arrival of the Southern Pacific Railroad in San Miguel put an end to the Inn. In 1887, it served briefly as an elementary school. After that, it was used for various businesses (including a mattress factory and tailor shop from 1889 to 1895) and again as a home from 1895 to 1910 for various families.</p><br>
<p>Charles Dorries purchased the property with 6 acre of land in 1923 and restored it to use as a tourist attraction. Dorries also built the gift shop in a similar style in 1938 specifically to serve visitors.</p><br>
<p>By 1964 the adobe had fallen into disrepair. That year, the County of San Luis Obispo purchased it. In 1968, the Friends of the Adobes formed to preserve and restore the adobe.</p><br>
<h2>Current</h2><br>
<p>Major restoration work completed in 1972, and the building was then formally dedicated. A building that was added in 1930 serves as a local history research library. A museum and gift shop opened in June 1978, also opening the adobe for tours. The site is now operated as a county park.</p><br>
<p>The Roberson Mansion, part of the Roberson Museum and Science Center, is a home in Binghamton, New York. It is an Italian Renaissance style house, designed by Binghamton architect C. Edward Vosbury and built in 1904, and completed in 1907, for Alonzo Roberson Jr. and his wife Margaret Hays Roberson. It was built with all of the then modern conveniences: an elevator, central heat, combination gas and electric lighting, a dumb waiter, an intercom system, and a private bath for each bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The New York City interior design firm, Pottier & Stymus designed the interior decorations. Townsend & Fleming landscape firm from Buffalo was hired to do the grounds. Titchener Iron works designed and manufactured the wrought iron fence surrounding the grounds. Estimated cost for the entire project was $107,500.</p><br>
<p>It is said to be very similar to the McKinnon House in Utica, built in 1899, which Vosbury also designed.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is supposedly haunted by the ghost of its former owner, Alonzo Roberson. His spirit is believed to still roam around and apparitions have been seen in the elevator and along the upper corridors.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Frank J. Baker House is a 4,800-square-foot Prairie School style house located at 507 Lake Avenue in Wilmette, Illinois. The house, which was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, was built in 1909, and features five bedrooms, three and a half bathrooms, and three fireplaces. At this point in his career, Wright was experimenting with two-story construction and the T-shaped floor plan. This building was part of a series of T-shaped floor planned buildings designed by Wright, similar in design to Wrights Isabel Roberts House. This home also perfectly embodies Wrights use of the Prairie Style through the use of strong horizontal orientation, a low hanging roof, and deeply expressed overhangs. The house&#39;s two-story living room features a brick fireplace, a sloped ceiling, and leaded glass windows along the north wall; it is one of the few remaining two-story interiors with the T-shaped floor plan designed by Wright.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 8, 1974. A major restoration of the home was begun in 2020 under new ownership.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>Once through the entryway of the home, the twenty-two foot long dining room featuring diamond leaded-glass windows, pitched ceiling and wooden trim is revealed. Past the dining room on the main floor is a large kitchen complete with a small breakfast nook. The living room bears a dramatic resemblance to a Catholic cathedral that features a ceiling that cantilevers into a loft above. The heavy use of horizontal and vertical windows that stretch around the outside of the room give one the impression of more space. At the heart of the home can be found The main brick fireplace, a common theme within Wright&#39;s work, with a balcony above for viewing. The upstairs master bedroom features one of three fireplaces along with a personal enclosed balcony.</p><br>
<p>Quarry Visitor Center, in Dinosaur National Monument in Uintah County, Utah, United States was built as part of the National Park Service&#39;s  Mission 66 program of modern architectural design in the US national parks. This visitor center exemplifies the philosophy of locating visitor facilities immediately at the resource being interpreted. The visitor center was closed from 2006 to 2011 due to structural damage from unstable soils. The rotunda structure was demolished and replaced with a new structure of different design, while the quarry section was being stabilized and repaired. The NPS now refers to the new visitor center  as the "Quarry Visitor Center" and the historical building as the "Quarry Exhibit Hall".</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The visitor center was built in part to attract visitors to the little-visited monument, which had been threatened with flooding by the Echo Park Dam, as a means of guarding against renewed reservoir proposals. The visitor centers concept was first expressed in 1916 when George Otis Smith, the director of the USA Geological Survey, suggested that the specimens be displayed in the northern canyon wall. Local citizens, including the dinosaur quarrys discoverer Earl Douglass, proposed a skylit shelter for the display. A temporary shelter for the bones and their excavators was finally built in 1936. A preliminary design in January 1937 was produced by a group including the Park Service Western Office of Design and Construction, the American Museum of Natural History and the directorate of the Park Service that closely resembled the eventual design by Anshen and Allen. A number of succeeding designs followed, becoming more elaborate and departing from this concept. No funding emerged for the design, but a new wood and corrugated sheet metal shelter was built in 1951, reminiscent of the 1916 proposal.</p><br>
<p>The Quarry Visitor Center was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Reed Smoot House, also known as Mrs. Harlow E. Smoot House, was the home of Reed Smoot from 1892 to his death in 1941, and is located at 183 E. 100 South, Provo, Utah, United States. Smoot was a prominent US Senator best known for advocacy of protectionism and the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Smoot himself drew the first designs for the house, and Richard K.A. Kletting completed the design. The house cost over four thousand dollars to complete. "Victorian Eclectic in design, it is a Stately, solid, early Mormon square block home with some Victorian exuberance displayed in the detailing. The home is linked with Utah&#39;s early political and religious history, and is the site of several visits from USA presidents in the early twentieth century (Historic Provo p. 20)." This house was nominated to be named to the Provo City Landmark Register on April 28, 1995.</p><br>
<h2>The house today</h2><br>
<p>After Smoot and his family moved to Washington D.C., the house was vacant for some time. Eventually, Smoots son, Harlow, moved into the home. After being defeated for re-election in 1932, Smoot didnt return to live in the home on a permanent basis, choosing instead to spend his time in Salt Lake City and in Florida, where he died in 1941. Harlow Smoot and his wife continued to live in the home until their deaths and descendants have retained the home and kept it in excellent condition since that time. The house still contains many of the original furnishing, including the family china, a collection of pitchers, and a collection of paintings by Lee Greene Richards.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1907, the McCreary County Museum is housed in the former Stearns Coal and Lumber Company corporate headquarters in Stearns, Kentucky. The building served as the companys office headquarters in the Southern United States, and maintains the company presidents office as an exhibit. The town where the museum is located was called the Stearns Empire of the South, and the museum continues to preserve and display the areas history from the Indian and pioneer times into the towns peak at the height of the coal and lumber industry boom. The exhibits include significant coverage of Appalachian life in McCreary County, including an exhibit on moonshine.</p><br>
<p>The museum uses the first floor of the 16,000 square foot building to display artifacts, including historic documents, objects, and photographs pertaining to McCreary County and the Stearns Coal & Lumber Company. A permanent exhibit honoring the life of Wilburn K. Ross displays the Medal of Honor winner&#39;s uniform and photographs. The second floor and third floors are closed to the public.</p><br>
<p>The museum is adjacent to the depot of the Big South Fork Scenic Railway, a heritage railroad, on tracks that were used by the Kentucky & Tennessee Railway, along the Southern Railway.</p><br>
<p>Shelby Place Historic District is a registered historic district in New Albany, Indiana, one mile north of the Ohio River, across from Louisville, Kentucky. It consists of the 1500 and 1600 blocks of the road Shelby Place. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its historic architectural designs. Immediately to the east Vincennes Street separates the district from New Albany High School.</p><br>
<p>The primary architectural style of the district is Bungalow, although there are examples of Queen Anne, Dutch Colonial Revival, American Foursquare, and one Prairie-type. In total, 38 buildings and one site contributed to the historic nature of the district; fourteen buildings and one structure within the district do not contribute. The contributing buildings were built between 1907 and 1925, with the majority built within a five-year period of 1911–1916, 75% of which built in 1912 and 1913. Shelby Place started in 1906 as New Albany recovered from an economic depression, thanks to woodworking industries. To this day the district retains historic architectural integrity. Unlike nearby areas, Shelby Place has a wider street with central median.</p><br>
<p>The sole non-building contributing feature of the district is the eastern entrance to Shelby Place, which consists of two five-feet tall square brick columns on concrete bases which are original to the district. Both have concrete caps which say "Shelby Place" on them. Two similar columns once occupied the western entrance of the district, but nothing remains of the northwestern column, and the southwestern has only remnants.</p><br>
<p>On March 23, 1917, a tornado that severely damaged New Albany barely missed the district, causing minimal damage and no loss of buildings. The Ohio River flood of 1937 caused some flooding in Shelby Place, but the south side was on higher ground, and thus did not suffer as badly as other parts of New Albany.</p><br>
<p>In 1994 an architectural study determined that Shelby Place could eventually achieve National Register status. In 2006 the Indiana Department of Natural Resources gave a grant of $6,150 to the city of New Albany to prepare Shelby Place, Cedar Bough Place Historic District, and the DePauw Avenue Historic District for registration on the National Register of Historic Places. (Depauw has a similar architecture style as Shelby Places, but are mostly larger domiciles than Shelby Places, and has more architectural diversity.) All three neighborhoods were placed on the National Register on March 19, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Old Lorimier Cemetery in Cape Girardeau, Missouri was established between 1806 and 1808 by Louis Lorimier. The cemetery is located at 500 North Fountain Street overlooking the Mississippi River. There are believed to be more than 6,500 graves in the cemetery, most of them unmarked. A sidewalk serves as a north – south dividing line in the cemetery. It is said that Catholics are buried on the south and Protestants are buried on the north. The east slope is believed to be the burial grounds of African-American persons. It has been recorded that as many as 1,200 soldiers from the Civil War were buried there. The grave marker for the wife of Louis Lorimier says "The Noblest Matron of the Shawnee race."</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Carrie Nation Home in Medicine Lodge, Kansas, also known as Carry A. Nation Home and Museum, was a home of temperance movement leader Carrie A. Nation. It is one of two houses listed as Carry A. Nation House on the USA National Register of Historic Places; the other is the Carry A. Nation House in Lancaster, Garrard County, Kentucky.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Carrie Nation lived in this small brick house, at 211 W. Fowler Ave. (US 160), at the corner with Oak Street, in Medicine Lodge, from 1889 to 1902. In 1899 she received a "heavenly vision" to go to the nearby town of Kiowa, where she wrecked three saloons as part of her crusade against consumption of alcoholic beverages.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, in 1902, she sold the house and used the sale proceeds to open a home in Kansas City for the wives of drunkards.</p><br>
<p>The building was bought by the Women&#39;s Christian Temperance Union in the 1950s. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The house is located next to a reproduction of an 1874 stockade that was used to protect settlers against attack from Native Americans. The actual stockade was much larger and located to the northeast, near the center of town. The reproduction was built as a commercial venture in 1961, but closed due to financial problems in 1982. Since then it has reopened as the Medicine Lodge Stockade Museum.</p><br>
<p>Tickets to the stockade museum also include entrance to the Carrie Nation Home.</p><br>
<p>The 1975 NRHP nomination states "The house suffers though, from proximity to the Medicine Lodge Stockade Museum, a touristy replica of a fort."</p><br>
<p>The Lander Park Carousel, known also as Parker Carousel, Dickinson County Parker Carousel, or Riverton Park Carousel is a historic carousel in Abilene, Kansas. Built around the turn of the 20th century, it is one of only three surviving carousels out of about 68 built by Abilene&#39;s Charles W. Parker Carousel Company, and it is the only remains of the company in Abilene today. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. It is now a feature of the Dickinson County Heritage Center, a local history museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Parker Carousel is located in southeastern Abilene, on the grounds of the Dickinson County Heritage Center, just east of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home on South Campbell Street. It is housed in a roughly octagonal single-story wood-frame structure, with an attached extension. The carousel consists of a circular wooden platform, whose outer portion has wheels that ride on a track set on the ground. The platform is fitted with 24 horses and four chariots. The horses are mounted in metal frames that impart a rocking motion when the carousel is in operation. The structure has no top of its own, as it was originally intended to be placed under a tent. The carousel is rotated via either an electric motor, or a period steam engine modified to meet modern safety standards. The power source is located in the extension, and is connected to the carousel by cabling.</p><br>
<p>The carousel was built sometime between 1898 and 1901 by the Charles W. Parker Carousel Company of Abilene. The company manufactured about 68 carousels, of which this is one of only three to survive, and is now the only surviving reminder of the companys presence in the community. Parkers carousels were renowned for their particularly graceful carved horses. This carousel was part of a traveling show Parker operated, and was purchased from that show by a mechanic in Lander, Wyoming in 1928. There it was set up for annual Fourth of July celebrations. In 1959 it was purchased by the operated of a drive-in theater in Riverton, Wyoming, where it was operated until his death. His widow wanted to keep the machine intact, and a transfer of the carousel to the Dickinson County Historical Society was mediated by the Smithsonian Institution in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Red Rocks State Historic Site is a Kansas historic site at 927 Exchange Street in Emporia, Kansas. It preserves the William Allen White House, also known as Red Rocks, which was the home of Progressive journalist William Allen White from 1899 until his death in 1944. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. The property, designated a state historic site in 2001, is operated by the Kansas Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Red Rocks is located in a residential area northeast of downtown Emporia, at the southwest corner of Exchange Street and East 10th Avenue. The landscaped property includes the house of William Allen White, the house of his mother Mary, and a small visitors center. The main house is a -story structure, its first floor finished in red sandstone, and the upper levels framed in wood with a Tudor Revival stucco-and-half-timbered appearance. The Mother&#39;s House is a -story brick and limestone structure, with Classical Revival styling on what is basically an American Foursquare plan.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the main house was begun in 1887 by Judge Almerin Gillette, but was not completed due to financial difficulties. The stone for the exterior was sourced from the Garden of the Gods area in Colorado. William Allen White and his wife Sallie purchased the unfinished shell in 1899 and finished the interior. The upper floors of the house were gutted by a fire in 1920, and rebuilt to a plan by the Kansas City architects Wight & Wight. The Mothers House was built in 1903 or 1904, and was occupied by Whites mother Mary until her death in 1924. The main house remained in the White family (owned by a foundation from 1988) until 2001, when it was donated to the state.</p><br>
<p>William Allen White became a prominent national figure due to his writing for the Emporia Gazette (which he owned and edited), and for his role in organizing the progressive elements of the Republican Party in the first three decades of the 20th century. He helped organize the Bull Moose Party candidacy of Theodore Roosevelt in 1912, and was an influential voice representing small-town America.</p><br>
<p>The Revere Quality House is a house located in Siesta Key, Florida that was designed by architects Paul Rudolph and Ralph Twitchell. It is a breakthrough in twentieth-century residential architecture which blends elements of the International Style with site-sensitive design that is considered one of the notable examples of the Sarasota School of Architecture. The house represents a substantial advancement in how people should live within their environment, and established a new paradigm in tropical home construction.</p><br>
<h2>The Revere Quality Institute</h2><br>
<p>The Revere Quality Institute was a consortium of the Revere Copper Company, Architectural Forum magazine, and select architects and builders across the country. It was established during the post-war building boom of the late 1940s, with the goal of promoting the development of bold, new, creative, and affordable approaches to residential living. This would be accomplished by building prototype homes in select cities across the country. These designs would promote the use of new, lower-cost, synthetic and re-engineered materials. Paul Rudolph was encouraged by a publisher in New York City to participate, and was offered one of the projects for the firm of Twitchell and Rudolph of Sarasota, Florida. Their project would be the third of eight homes planned for 1948.</p><br>
<h2>Developing the concept</h2><br>
<p>Roberta Finney was a local patron and friend of Ralph Twitchell. She provided a large flat plot of land on Siesta Key, near a bayou that spilled out onto the Gulf of Mexico. This location would facilitate any number of design approaches.</p><br>
<p>Although both Twitchell and Rudolph were architects, the two had established a unique relationship where Rudolph generally produced conceptual designs, while Twitchell translated them into buildable plans and managed construction. For most of the project, Rudolph worked out of his office in New York City and sent them to Sarasota for review.</p><br>
<p>In 1948, Rudolph traveled to Europe as part of a Harvard architecture fellowship. He was struck by the scale and construction of European urban design. He became particularly interested in the transposition of structures and integration of inner and outer space. This was reflected in his first (and most grand) concept for the Revere project, a large open plan covering the entire lot, with six detached but intertwined homes. It featured a shared public space and parking area, all surrounded by a six foot high wall. This initial idea was dismissed in favor of a traditional single-house suburban plan. A variation of this urban concept was redeveloped into the Lamolithic Houses of Siesta Key, completed by Twitchell and Rudolph later that year.</p><br>
<p>Going back to the drawing board, Rudolph produced a new plan, loosely based on the Mies van der Rohe (Barcelona Pavilion); a scaled-down (1,000 square foot), linear, flat-roof, single-story structure, to be constructed almost entirely of concrete and glass. The low roof (less than eight and a half feet off the ground) would be supported by steel perimeter poles, and extend beyond the frame of the house to create overhangs for shade. At one end, the roof overhang would extend several feet to serve as a carport. The exterior walls were to be made of lamolithic panels, as well as floor-to-ceiling sliding glass doors that would open onto large exterior patio areas. Jalousie windows were strategically positioned to promote natural ventilation and cooling. A hole would be cut into the roof to bring light into an incorporated screened-in porch (with grass inside) to further intermingle interior and exterior space.</p><br>
<p>The floor plan was simple and functional, highlighting a single space that conceptually consolidated living, dining, and patio areas. One of the walls would incorporate a large copper-hooded fireplace (provided by Revere Copper and Brass Company). This ‘great room’ would constitute more than half of the interior capacity of the house. A small galley kitchen was positioned behind a partition wall, along with a narrow hallway that led to two corner bedrooms and shared bath.</p><br>
<p>It was a radical plan at the time, and to create it would require new building applications and methods.</p><br>
<h2>Implementing new construction techniques</h2><br>
<p>Twitchell had been experimenting with reinforced concrete construction since the late 1930s. His friend and associate, John Lambie, was a local concrete supplier who was developing a method steel-reinforced cast-in-place concrete, called lamolithic construction. For the Revere House roof, Lambie used mobile concrete mixing machines and pumping equipment to pour the material into reusable steel forms set on lally steel poles. Slender steel reinforcement rods were used to hold the elevated slab together. Lambie ingeniously poured the roof with cavities on its upper surface to lighten its weight. He filled the cavities with crushed shell that would collect moisture and create a permeating cooling effect into the home. It represented a milestone in passive environmental engineering.</p><br>
<p>The use of reinforced concrete as a viable substrate proved to be very expensive. Jack West, who was working as a draftsman for Twitchell during the project, acknowledged that the original $14,000 budget for the Revere House doubled to $28,000 by the time the house was completed.</p><br>
<p>The floors were poured terrazzo. Interior wall dividers were fabricated of meticulously sanded plywood, some of which featured built-in cabinets and drawers (with leather pulls). Wood-framed sliding glass doors were hand-fabricated on site. Ceilings in the great room were painted a bright peacock blue, to represent the sky, while the bedroom and kitchen walls were painted lemon yellow. A small service building was built at a ninety-degree angle, protruding from the front of the house, connected by a six-foot high privacy wall.</p><br>
<h2>Establishing a new paradigm</h2><br>
<p>When the Revere Quality House was opened to visitors, more than 16,000 people toured the building in its first year. It was prominently-featured in Revere&#39;s advertising campaign nationwide, and received tremendous coverage in the press; Architectural Forum (October 1948), Architectural Review (November 1948), and House and Garden (August 1949). It was advertised regularly in the Saturday Evening Post.</p><br>
<p>The American Institute of Architects recognized the Revere Quality House with its National Honor Award in 1949.</p><br>
<p>Twitchell and Rudolph&#39;s Revere Quality House created a new paradigm for tropical architecture. Its visceral minimalism and the incorporation of environment into its design represented a new, more integrated, and simpler way of life for middle-class America. Literally millions of homes incorporating aspects of its design have been built across the southern United States.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation, addition, and recognition</h2><br>
<p>Twitchell and his client would eventually marry and live in the house. He built another significant modern home for Finneys parents on the other side of the bayou; the Cocoon House. He lived in the Revere House until his death in 1978. The home fell into disrepair, and was slated for demolition, until 2005, when local conservators restored the original structure. Part of that preservation project included the construction of a new companion house&#39; designed by architect Guy Peterson.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Revere Quality House was designated as a historic site by the City of Sarasota. In 2008, it was placed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Both the original Revere House and Revere Addition received the American Institute of Architects (Florida) Award of Excellence for Historic Restoration in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Paisley Caves or the Paisley Five Mile Point Caves complex is a system of eight caves in an arid, desolate region of south-central Oregon, United States north of the present-day city of Paisley, Oregon. The caves are located in the Summer Lake basin at 4,520 ft elevation and face west, carved into a ridge of Miocene and Pliocene era basalts mixed with soft volcanic tuffs and breccias by Pleistocene-era waves from Summer Lake. One of the caves may contain archaeological evidence of the oldest definitively-dated human presence in North America. The site was first studied by Luther Cressman in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Scientific excavations and analysis in the Paisley Caves since 2002 have uncovered substantial new discoveries, including subfossil human coprolites with the oldest DNA evidence of human habitation in North America, various artifacts, and animal remains. The DNA was radiocarbon dated to 14,300 BP or roughly 12,000 BC. The caves were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Significant findings</h2><br>
<p>In the summer of 2007, a field school from the University of Oregon identified the oldest human DNA yet discovered in the Americas. This assertion is based on analysis of several coprolite samples found in the Paisley Caves complex. In total, workers have obtained over 280 radiocarbon dates and DNA analysis from more than 60 coprolites from the Paisley Caves. Coprolite analysis at varying ages revealed that these occupants were omnivorous, eating a combination of foraged plants, seeds, small mammals such as rodents, fish, and insects like beetles. Knowledge of this omnivorous mode of sustenance supports the notion that the coprolites are human in origin. Other authors have questioned the authenticity and relevance of the evidence gathered from ancient DNA and stratigraphy and challenge the morphological assignment of the coprolites to humans. Similarly, it is uncertain if damage to pre-Clovis animal bones at the site was the result of human butchering or animal trampling.</p><br>
<p>The coprolites were found in the same level as a small rock-lined hearth some 7 ft below the modern surface. Also discovered at that level was a large number of bones from waterfowl, fish, and large mammals, including extinct camels, horses, and bison. Radiocarbon dating dates these coprolites to 14,400 years ago, probably representing a pre-Clovis occupation. DNA analysis provides apparent genetic ties to Siberia or Asia, rather than a distinct wave of migration.</p><br>
<p>Clovis ancestors, previously thought to be the first humans to live in the Americas, are currently thought to have crossed the Bering Strait into North America 12,000 cal yr BP. However, the Paisley Caves and other archaeological sites throughout the Americas, such as Monte Verde, have been dated to earlier than Clovis technologies. Scientific debate has shifted in recent years to question this long-held "Clovis first" hypothesis.</p><br>
<p>Evidence at other archaeological sites—as well as previous work at Paisley Caves in the 1930s—had been thought to provide such evidence, but questionable excavation techniques clouded the issue. Knowing this, the University of Oregon team worked carefully to avoid the mistakes of the past.</p><br>
<h2>Coprolite controversy</h2><br>
<p>Recent research has called the accuracy of radiocarbon dates from these coprolites into question on the basis of morphology and possible leaching contamination by exogenous human DNA. Sampled coprolites from lower lithostratigraphic units contained canid DNA in addition to human DNA. Other inter-mixed coprolites contained no human DNA, instead being fully attributed to late Pleistocene camelids and lions, and dated to 12,265 radiocarbon years. Some soil samples adjacent to the coprolites were also found to have human DNA, giving further credit to the leaching hypothesis.</p><br>
<p>Although any results from DNA have been reduced to ambiguous, other data from the coprolites coincidentally provide evidence of pre-Clovis occupation. Coprolites also contain a mixture of lipids and other organic compounds from digestion—called fecal biomarkers. Such lipids are chemically stable and hydrophobic, protecting them from water-induced mobility and serving as more reliable data from buried coprolites than DNA. Additionally, a human-made bulrush shaft was found above a coprolite and dated to 12,270 yr BP—further verifying the pre-Clovis occupation. These data provide evidence that the associated Western Stemmed Tradition points are the oldest lithic technology in the Americas and outdate Clovis points.</p><br>
<h2>Western Stemmed Tradition at the Paisley Caves</h2><br>
<p>Artifacts found in the Paisley Caves alongside coprolites bear no resemblance to traditional Clovis points, and instead belong to a group of occupants now referred to as Western Stemmed Tradition. The Western Stemmed Tradition occupies similar tool groupings as Clovis technology—projectile points, most notably—and shares morphology and technology with Afro-Eurasian forms. It was originally thought to have developed after Clovis technology, but discovery at the Paisley Caves suggests they were at the very least contemporaneous. Dating via fecal biomarkers further supports this notion.</p><br>
<p>Western Stemmed Tradition points are morphologically distinct from Clovis points, with narrow bifaces, shoulders, and thicker, convex bases instead of the longer prismatic blades of Clovis points. There are also procedural differences in how these points were flaked. Evidence of repeated sharpening along Western Stemmed Tradition points suggests they may have also been used as knives for skinning and cutting.</p><br>
<p>Grace Church is an Episcopal church at 193 Genesee Street in Utica, New York, which was established in 1838.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The establishing of Grace Church began in the spring of 1838 as an extension of the venerable Mother Parish of the city, Trinity Church. A group of twenty parish members wrote to their then Rector, the Rev. Pierre A. Proal, with the intention of organizing a new parish and requested his canonical consent. The first service was held on May 21, 1838 at 215 Genesee Street, in an upper room of a house located in the parish, and was accordingly organized under the name of Grace Church, Utica. The first church was constructed at the corner of Broadway and Columbia Streets in 1839, and the first service was conducted in the new building in August of that year. For the next 21 years this was the location of Grace Church. Its organist from 1923 to 1932 was Norman Coke-Jephcott.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone of the church was set on July 10, 1856. The construction project faced financial difficulties and by September 1859, it seemed as if the church would never be completed. Through the persistence and experience of Rev. John J. Brandegee, the church&#39;s third rector, he was able to procure enough funding to complete the construction and pay the mortgage. The first service was held in the new church on May 20, 1860, and by Easter Day, 1864, the $30,000 mortgage was finally paid.</p><br>
<p>The church had a long history for its mission to outreach to the neighboring community, but dwindling resources and a shrinking congregation brought the painful realization that the few remaining faithful could no longer hold the parish together. The last rector to serve there was the Rev. David Hopkins, who left in July, 1994. In little time, the vestry agreed to merge with Grace Church, and held the final service on November 20, 1994. The following week later on November 27, 1994, the first Sunday of Advent, the people of Calvary Church were welcomed as members of the Grace Church congregation.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Cedar Bough Place Historic District is a national historic district located at New Albany, Indiana, ¾ of a mile from the Ohio River, across from Louisville, Kentucky. It consists of the 800-block of the road Cedar Bough Place, between Beeler and Ekin Avenues.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Twenty-five primary buildings, seven outbuildings, and one fence contribute to the historic nature of the neighborhood, all of which built from 1883 to 1920. These buildings are primarily of Vernacular Victorian and Queen Anne style, but examples of Bungalow, Airplane Bungalow and American Foursquare are also in the district. Most houses in the district were built between 1891 and 1905.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The district was originally part of 70 acre owned by the Loughrey family in the early 19th century. The 70 acre would be divided into twenty plots, with sizes ranging from two to 10 acre. Lot #6 was 5 acre, and would become Cedar Bough Place.</p><br>
<p>When Lot 42 of the Illinois Land Grant was divided, Cedar Bough Place was laid off into lots, roads, etc. and sold on the 17th day of September, 1836 by Margaret Loughrey with the following provision: "and I hereby certify all roads, alleys, streets, etc., laid off of said ground to be for the common benefit of the purchasers and owners of said lots. The streets and alleys cannot be opened to the public without 90% of the property owners voting for the street being dedicated as a public street."</p><br>
<p>Private streets were created as a way for residential landowners to control real estate speculation and maintain property standards, in an era before the protections of zoning.</p><br>
<p>Construction in the neighborhood was started by Andros Huncilman 50 years later in 1890, at the end of the prosperous post-Civil War era in New Albany&#39;s history. Huncilman owned a 5 acre lot that would comprise the district. Throughout its history it has been a private street; with ownership of the street divided among the property owners.</p><br>
<p>By deed restriction, Cedar Bough Place is one of the first private streets in the United States. Lucas Place, the first private street in St. Louis, Missouri, was dedicated 15 years later, in 1851. That private street no longer exists. The oldest existing private street in St. Louis, Missouri is Lafayette Square, which dates to 1868, was dedicated 32 years after Cedar Bough Place was created and made private by Loughrey&#39;s deed restriction.</p><br>
<p>No other city near New Albany, including Louisville, has private streets (although Louisville does have private alleys), and Cedar Bough Place is the only private street in New Albany.</p><br>
<p>A long-standing fence that contributes to the historic nature of the neighborhood is on the north side, and is a central wrought iron connecting two original stone walls keeping traffic from entering the private road. The southern fence is just wide enough for a single vehicle. Built in 1970 to replace the original entrance, it is not part of the historic fabric of the district.</p><br>
<h2>Prominent residents</h2><br>
<p>Bernard Hock (American table tennis champion)</p><br>
<p>Ferdinand N. Kahler (inventor and automobile manufacturer)</p><br>
<p>F. Shirley Wilcox (Indiana&#39;s chief of Internal Revenue Service collections and Indiana State Treasurer)</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>In 1994 an architectural study determined that Shelby Place could eventually achieve National Register status. In 2006 the Indiana Department of Natural Resources gave a grant of $6,150 to the city of New Albany to prepare Cedar Bough Place, DePauw Avenue Historic District, and Shelby Place Historic District for registration on the National Register of Historic Places. All three neighborhoods were placed on the National Register on March 19, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Schuyler Club, founded in 1883, is a private members&#39; club located in downtown Utica, New York, USA. Early members of the club included Elihu Root, Francis Kernan, Horatio Seymour, Charlemagne Tower, and Ward Hunt.</p><br>
<p>The club&#39;s clubhouse is "significant as a rare and substantially intact example of a late 19th-early 20th century social club" in downtown Utica. The building, built in stages from 1830 on, is a landmark located prominently on Genesee Street, the "principal thoroughfare" of Utica. First used as a residence, the club purchased the building in 1883, shortly after its establishment. It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Gov. William Aiken House  was built in 1820 at 48 Elizabeth Street, in the Wraggborough neighborhood of Charleston, South Carolina. Despite being known for its association with Gov. William Aiken, the house was built by John Robinson after he bought several lots in Mazyck-Wraggborough in 1817. His house was originally configured as a Charleston double house with entrance to the house from the south side along Judith Street. The house is considered to be the best preserved complex of antebellum domestic structures in Charleston. It was the home of William Aiken, Jr., a governor of South Carolina, and before that the home of his father, the owner of South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company, William Aiken.</p><br>
<p>Frances Dill Rhett, whose husband was a direct descendant of Gov. William Rhett, donated the house to the Charleston Museum in 1975. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. Since 1995, Historic Charleston Foundation has owned and operated the Aiken-Rhett House as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Aiken family owned the house for over 142 years until, in 1975, it was donated to the Charleston Museum. Twenty years later, Historic Charleston Foundation bought it. Since the 1995 purchase of the Aiken property, a more traditional approach has been taken to preserve the property. According Historic Charleston Foundation, what attracted them to purchasing the property was its "unique opportunity to understand and present antebellum urban life and the African American heritage of Charleston to the public."</p><br>
<h2>Slavery</h2><br>
<p>An attractive feature of the Aiken House is its urban development. Most scholars of southern history and culture define antebellum plantation mansions being surrounded by agricultural developments, such as other Charleston area plantations, Drayton Hall, McLeod Plantation, and Magnolia Plantation. However most southern antebellum cities were entrenched in slavery - Richmond, Savannah, and Charleston - which populations made up usually one third of the total city population. According to the 1850 census, Aiken enslaved 7 individuals inside the urban residence, although the Aikens enslaved 878 people in the Charleston and Colleton districts combined. Ten years in 1860, the number of enslaved people at the urban residence jumped to 19 individuals. By the time that the American Civil War broke out, at least 13 enslaved people were at the Aiken property, including 6 children.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits and interpretation</h2><br>
<p>In 2016, a team of archaeologists began to research and survey the slave dwellings on the Aiken-Rhett property. By 2018, the team was able to uncover over 10,000 artifacts. A large majority of the pieces are currently still on display within an exhibit interpreting their cultural significance. The artifacts span from coins and tools, to pieces of bottles and pottery. In a separate research and archeological survey in 2017, a team of archeologists were able to search for evidence of siege lines that British soldiers reportedly dug in the spring of 1780.</p><br>
<p>Historic Charleston Foundation launched an app in the fall of 2018, which offers further information on topics and a self-guided audio tour. The tour lasts for roughly 45 minutes and includes exhibit descriptions and photographs. The decision to update the tour reportedly came from the director of museums at Historic Charleston Foundation, Lauren Northup. The older guide for the Aiken-Rhett was constructed in the mid-1990s, and "left out many of the stories they had discovered since then about the lives of the enslaved on the property." The foundation later updated the app to cover more of the Charleston area historic house museums, such as the Nathaniel Russel House and the Magnolia Cemetery. In addition to the stories of enslaved people and the African American community, women&#39;s history and LGBTQ community have been included as well inside the app.</p><br>
<p>William Aiken House and Associated Railroad Structures</p><br>
<p>Lecompton Constitution Hall, also known as Constitution Hall, is a building in Lecompton, Kansas, that played an important role in the long-running Bleeding Kansas crisis over slavery in Kansas. It is operated by the Kansas Historical Society as Constitution Hall State Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Constitution Hall was constructed by Samuel J. Jones, the pro-slavery sheriff tasked with keeping the peace in Douglas County in the 1850s. He rented the structure out to the territorial government based out of Lecompton.</p><br>
<p>During 1857 this building was one of the busiest and most important in Kansas Territory. Thousands of settlers and speculators filed claims in the United States land office on the first floor. They sometimes fought hand-to-hand for their share of the rich lands that were opening for settlement. The government was removing the Native Americans from Kansas to make their lands available to whites.</p><br>
<p>Upstairs the district court periodically met to try to enforce the territorial laws. Most free-state people refused to obey these laws because they had been passed by the proslavery territorial legislature, which they called "bogus". This resistance made law enforcement nearly impossible for territorial officials. Time after time the territorial governors called out federal troops from Fort Leavenworth or Fort Riley to maintain order.</p><br>
<p>In January 1857 the second territorial legislative assembly met on the upper floor. Although still firmly proslavery, this group removed some of the earlier laws that their antislavery neighbors opposed.</p><br>
<p>The Lecompton Constitutional Convention met that fall in this same second-floor assembly room. The purpose of the convention was to draft a constitution to gain statehood for Kansas. Newspaper correspondents from across the country gathered to report on the meetings. Pro-slavery men dominated the convention, and created a document that protected slavery no matter how the people of the Kansas Territory voted. This was intolerable for their antislavery opponents, who refused to participate in what they considered to be an illegal government. Congress, after investigation, found the election of the pro-slavery legislature extensively corrupted by fraud, specifically by Missouri "border ruffians" who came into Kansas only to vote, not to live there. Congress therefore refused to admit Kansas as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution, so it never went into effect.</p><br>
<p>Instead, free-state forces rallied their supporters. They gained control of the territorial legislature in the October 1857 election. Two months later this new legislature was called into special session to deal with critical territorial problems. They met in the same Lecompton assembly hall that their political enemies had controlled only a few weeks before. Here they began to reform the laws of Kansas Territory according to their own beliefs. That work continued during later legislative sessions. In 1858 the assembly was moved from the proslavery capital of Lecompton to the free-state town of Lawrence; the capitol building under construction in Lecompton was abandoned, and the only completed part, the foundation, was used later by Lane University.</p><br>
<p>The was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>According to a marker of the Kansas Historical Commission:</p><br>
<p>The Bernhard Warkentin Homestead, also known as Little River Stock Farm or Warkentin Farm, is a historic farm complex on East North Street in Halstead, Kansas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It was further declared to be a National Historic Landmark in 1990, nationally significant for its association with Bernhard Warkentin, a pivotal figure in the development and wide cultivation of durum wheat in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Warkentin Farm is located on the northern fringe of Halsted, on the east side of Main Street at East North Street. The property consists of 12 acre, bound on the south by railroad tracks, the north and east by the Arkansas River, and the west by a grain elevator. The farm complex is clustered near the western end of the property, with fields to the east. Buildings in the farmstead include the house, carriage house, barn, a silo, and a small pump house. The house is a -story wood-frame structure, built in 1884 to a design by Kansas architect John G. Haskell.</p><br>
<p>Bernhard Warkentin was a well-to-do Russian immigrant of German extraction, who immigrated to the United States from Russia in 1872. In Russia he had been involved in the family business, the raising and milling of wheat. A de facto leader of a Mennonite emigration and colonization effort, Warkentin purchased over 1,300 acre, and established is home and mill here in 1874, while working to assist other German Mennonites in their drive to leave Russia. One of the major improvements in agriculture that Warkentin and the Mennonites brought with them were knowledge of Russian hard wheat varieties, which they brought over in the early years of the colonization. In 1896, Warkentin began working with Mark Carleton of the United States Department of Agriculture to improve American knowledge of Russian wheat varieties, which eventually resulted in the hybridization experiments that produced durum wheat, one of the nation&#39;s leading wheat crops.</p><br>
<p>The Hollenberg Pony Express Station, also known as Cottonwood Pony Express Station, is the most intact surviving station of the Pony Express in the United States. It was built by Gerat H. Hollenberg in 1858, to serve travelers on the Oregon and California Trails, and was used by the Pony Express when it was established in 1860. The station is owned by the state of Kansas and is operated by the Kansas Historical Society as Hollenberg Pony Express Station State Historic Site. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hollenberg Pony Express Station is located about 2 mi east of Hanover, Kansas along Kansas Highway 243. The station consists of a -story rectangular Cottonwood frame building, with a gabled roof, wooden shingled exterior, and stone foundation. The building is organized into six rooms, four of which served as the Hollenberg family residence, one served as a shop, and the last as a bar and tavern space. The loft area served as a sleeping area for riders of the Pony Express and guests. The building was historically accompanied by a stable and blacksmith&#39;s shop.</p><br>
<p>The station was built in 1858 by Gerat H. Hollenberg c. 1857 or 1858, as a way station on the Oregon and California migrant trails. When the Pony Express service was inaugurated, it was made a "home station" where riders switched mounts. The Pony Express operated for only 18 months, ending service in October 1861.</p><br>
<p>Hollenberg died in 1874, and thereafter the property was used as a farmstead until 1941. It was purchased by the state in that year, and turned over the state historical society for maintenance and management in 1963. The site is open between March and October.</p><br>
<p>The Zanesville Y-Bridge is a historic Y-shaped three-way bridge that spans the confluence of the Licking and Muskingum Rivers in downtown Zanesville, Ohio. It carries the traffic of USA Route 40 , as well as Linden Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The flow of Muskingum has been regulated by a series of dams and locks since the mid-19th century. Before the regulation serious floods often occurred, which washed away or weakened the earliest bridges.</p><br>
<p>The first Zanesville Y-Bridge was constructed in 1814. The trestle bridge stood for four years. The second wooden bridge was erected in 1819. New roads were built in the area and traffic increased. A winter flood in 1831–1832 weakened the second bridge to be unsafe for the increased traffic. A third iteration, a wooden covered bridge was completed in 1832 and stood until 1900.</p><br>
<p>The next bridge opened in early 1902. It had concrete balustrade railings which were lost to the 1913 flood and replaced with pipe railings. The fourth bridge was deemed unsafe in 1979. After demolition it was found that only one of the three segments needed actual replacement, the other spans would have needed only surface repairs.</p><br>
<p>The current concrete and steel bridge, a multi-way bridge, is the fifth in the series on the same location. It opened in 1984. While being a relief to traffic and the citizens, it has received criticism for a tunnel-like effect due to its solid railings, providing hardly any view of the scenery.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was listed in 1973, before the fourth bridge was replaced by the fifth.</p><br>
